Unit 4 complete Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Unit 4 complete - Assignment Example In the US, the government courts have uncommon ward (Neubauer and Meinhold, 2013). Topic ward alludes to a court’s duty over issues and ideas of a case (Neubauer and Meinhold, 2013). Then again, individual purview alludes to a court’s control over the people associated with a case. In wrongdoing, causation of damage must be affirmed. Furthermore, an indicted individual more likely than not been in the privilege mental state to affirm the legitimacy of case. Generally, the litigant individual ought to be demonstrated to have acted with malignance aforethought (Gross, 2012). Furthermore, the court procedure ought to demonstrate the respondent as having really acted or unlawfully discarded a demonstration. In specific cases, an examiner may decline to arraign a given criminal case. For example, there could be prohibited proof. Moreover, an accumulation of cases may require deferment of a given case. At the point when a specific gathering in a claim has unguarded purview, a few issues may emerge. Regardless, such an individual may guide the case to suit one’s interests instead of the enthusiasm of equity. Likewise, such an individual may commit errors that risk a claim procedure since one faces restricted addressing from different gatherings. In addition, la xity from the single party may lead towards uncouth decisions. The US court’s framework has a hiercahy at the government and the states’ level. The administrative courts exist in each state, and they speak to the legal part of the US Federal government (Neubauer and Meinhold, 2013). Then again, the state courts work under the novel states’ constitutions and laws. The government court framework works as far as areas and circuits. The circuit courts are the state redrafting courts, which report to the US Supreme Court. The state courts isolate into preliminary courts, investigative courts, and most noteworthy state courts. The primary motivation behind US courts is to guard the individual opportunities and rights that each resident holds.

The Love Canal essays

The Love Canal articles Love Canal was named after its maker William T. Love and its development started during the 1890s (http://onlineethics.org/condition/lcanal/timeline.html). The task was never completed and a very huge, apparently pointless gap was left in the ground in the Niagara Falls region. Very nearly 40 years after the fact, when the territory of Niagara Falls started to industrialize, an utilization for this vast opening was found. Various organizations and modern enterprises began to make merchandise and items and with the production of these came the undesirable added substance of mechanical squanders. During the 1940s these organizations took a gander at the unused channel as an effectively available spot to dump their squanders. During the 1940s and 50s, the Hooker Chemical Company, filled the waterway, later named the Adoration Canal, with around 21,000 tons of natural solvents, acids, and pesticides just as their results, a significant number of them causing malignant growth or birth aba ndons (http://onlineethics.org/condition/lcanal/timeline.html). When the trench was full, Hooker enlarged the channel so as to suit significantly increasingly squander. It at that point secured it with earth, which should get dampness far from the synthetics and go about as a hindrance seal. It was The City of Niagara Falls that began the dumping notwithstanding, when in1920, the trench was sold in an open sale to the district to utilize it as a landfill (http://onlineethics.org/condition/lcanal/timeline.html). The Army participate and dumped substance fighting material and parts of the Manhattan Project. Hooker participated in 1942 haggling with Niagara Falls with an end goal to utilize it as a synthetic dump thus the trench turned into a compartment of 400 or more synthetics, including sewage, landfill and atomic equipment (http://onlineethics.org/condition/lcanal/timeline.html). Dumping happened in the Northern Section, from 1942 to 1946, at that point in the Southern Section from 1946 to 1954, with some dumping in the Central Section at th... <! The Love Canal papers The Love Canal is situated close to Niagara Falls in upstate New York. The Canal was built as a conduit during the nineteenth century, yet was surrendered right away a short time later. The Love Canal story is basically the account of the a great many families who lived unwittingly among a surrendered poisonous concoction squander dump. It wasnt the first run through in U.S history where this has occurred, nor was it the most exceedingly awful, however it grabbed the publics consideration. During the 1930s before the Love Canal zone was transformed into neighborhoods, the Hooker Chemical Company bought the zone and utilized it as an entombment site for 20,000 metric huge amounts of synthetic compounds. In 1953 the Hooker Chemical Company offered the land to the Niagara Falls Board of Education for $1.00. There was a specification in the deed, which expressed that in the event that anybody caused physical mischief or demise in view of their covered squanders, they would not be dependable. Not long after, the land changed hands once more and this time home structure started legitimately contiguous the channel. Families who purchased homes here were uninformed of the waste covered in their terraces. With all the new homes in the region, a grade school was opened close to the side of the channel in 1955. Not long after the opening, understudies and instructors started griping of being singed, queasy smells, and dark ooze (Gibbs 21). It wasnt till almost thirty years after the fact that the administration at last chose to examine the objections. Hooker confesses to covering around 21,800 tons of different synthetic compounds in the channel. There are in any event twelve known cancer-causing agents in the trench including benzene which is notable for causing leukemia in individuals (Gibbs 22). The air, soil, and water tests have discovered synthetic relocation all through a ten square local location. The degree of the compound relocation is as yet obscure. The wellbeing impacts because of the harmful waste dump are various and deadly. There was a high occurrence of unnatural birth cycles and bir... <!

Senior Week Jonathan Lii

Senior Week Jonathan Lii Name: Jonathan Lii Hometown: Manhasset, NY Degrees and Minor: 18 and 15 with a minor in 14 [in laymans terms: a double major in Mathematics and Management, and a minor in Economics] Whats next: Working as a trader at Lehman Brothers. Favorite class at MIT: 18.440: Probability and Random Variables with Prof. Richard Dudley. It was a class in probability where we calculated the probability of holding poker hands and other interesting problems. Other cool problems were the marriage problem, and birthday problem. This class really helped me out for my finance interviews too. Favorite professor at MIT: Prof. Daniel Kleitman is my favorite professor here. He is the coolest guy to talk to about ANYTHING. He has all sorts of crazy artifacts in his office and visiting him is always a treat. Going to him for one on one help really pulled me through 18.310. I feel like I learned a lot from him. We have talked about various things like Ping Pong, the Enigma Machine, and bike lamps. Favorite MIT event: Its a toss up between Battle of the Bands and NightMarket. Battle of the Bands was awesome because ZBT gets all the awesome local bands together and there is a giant music free-for-all. Its definitely one of the most exciting events out there. NightMarket is also sweet because theres so much food. Association of Taiwanese Students does a great job with getting the event going and provides some of the most dedicated students to make the event a reality. UROPs: I worked with Nate Quitoriano (my TA for 3.091 gotta work those graduate student connections!) for a Course 3 [Materials Science] lab that doped germanium wafers. Later I UROPed for Prof. Kleitman helping him to revise some of his 18.310 notes. Living groups: I had a one year stint at Simmons Hall and then spent my last three years living at Zeta Beta Tau (ZBT). At ZBT I was community service chairman, academic chairman, and then Vice President. Activities: I have been involved with Sport Tae Kwon Do, Used Computer Factory, Association of Taiwanese Students, the Undergraduate Association Finance Board, and ZBT. What Ill miss most about Cambridge/Boston: The biggest thing Ill miss about Cambridge/Boston is the town-y feel I get here. Its not as urban as NYC and there is a certain charm to that. The restaurants in Boston are awesome and theres so many fun things to do! What Ill miss most about MIT: Ill miss my friends in Association of Taiwanese Students and brothers at Zeta Beta Tau. I have an amazing social network here that I am really reluctant to leave, and of course Ill miss walking into Matts office just to talk! Seriously just walk into his office, hell spend some time to talk with you! He is awesome. Final thoughts: MIT ROCKS.

To Kill A Mockingbird Theme Essay - 830 Words

Harper Lee’s, To Kill a Mockingbird, touches millions of lives in the form of several themes. Many of the themes, Harper Lee, discusses revolve around Maycomb’s usual disease of racism. The storys narrator, Scout, and her brother Jem run into the â€Å"usual disease† of racism many times throughout the book. Essential themes to the story such as, courage, superstition, and prejudice express the views of both Scout and Jem on racism. The first theme that expresses Scout and Jem’s views on racism is courage. In the beginning of,To Kill a Mockingbird, Jem and Scout are between the ages of 9 and 12. The innocent and young Jem and Scout have not, yet learned the skills to maintain courage. As the chapters of, To Kill a Mockingbird, progress Jem†¦show more content†¦Scout had always hoped that the theories were wrong and one day she would meet him. After her dreams finally came true, she thought, â€Å"Atticus was right. One time he said you never really know a man until you stand in his shoes and walk around in them. Just standing on the Radley porch was enough†(Lee 374). Jem had already noticed the kind acts of Boo Radley, but for Scout standing on Boo’s porch confirmed these superstitions werent true. If Scout and Jem already understand the reality of the town and their superstitions, they understand what is said about black people are only rumors not facts. Lastly, prejudice is anothe r theme that expresses Scout and Jem’s views on racism. Maycomb county fits the stereotype of small, southern and prejudice very well. Throughout the entire book, Jem and Scout are faced with the struggles of racism. Fortunately, Atticus is always there to persuade the Finch kids on how they view racism. When the Finch kids are confused on the meaning of the n word, Atticus is quick to give the kids a lesson. During Atticus’s discussion on the n word with the kids, he says, â€Å"Baby, its never an insult to be called what somebody thinks is a bad name. It just shows you how poor that person is, it doesnt hurt you (Lee 108). Atticus is able to guide his children patiently and informatively on the struggles of racism. He is able to prevent his kids from catching Maycomb’s usualShow MoreRelatedTo Kill A Mockingbird Theme Essay896 Words   |  4 PagesHarper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird is recounted by Scout, who at the time was six years old. This book follows her journey in growing up and eventually losing her innocence through realising the evil in the world, mostly portrayed by the racism and prejudice surrounding her. A mockingbird is a metaphor for the destruction of innocence. There are three mockingbirds in the text: Boo Radley, Scout Finch and Tom Robinson. Boo has done nothing wrong except sit in his house and mind his own businessRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Theme Essay1095 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† Based on a best-selling novel by Harper Lee has the theme of the constant fight between different sides. It is realistic, good and bad, oppression and the law versus justice. The novel mirrored life back then and in a way can still resemble some things in modern time. People could relate and understand this book on personal levels, that why it was such a hit, now it is used as a life lesson or for educational purposes. The plot lies on the trial that AtticusRead MoreEssay about The Theme of Prejudice in To Kill a Mockingbird595 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"To Kill a Mocking Bird† is a novel which was written by Harper Lee. In my essay I will discuss how Harper Lee explores the theme of prejudice by looking at the writing techniques and how they affect people. To Kill a Mocking Bird is a novel that explores prejudice in a small American town in the Deep South. It is set during the depression. One of the main features that the novel explores is the theme of racial prejudice. In the novel Tom Robinson is being persecuted for the rape of a white womanRead MoreThe Theme of Racism in To Kill a Mockingbird Essay1050 Words   |  5 PagesIn the book To Kill a Mockingbird, many minor themes are present such as gender and age. However, the largest and therefore major theme of the book is racism. All of the events and themes in the book had only one purpose, to support the theme of racism. One of the most important events in the book was Tom Robinson’s trial, which was unfairly judged due to the fact that the jury could not see beyond the color of Tom’s skin. The put their own racist opinions ahead of what is right and just. One ofRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird: the Theme of Prejudice Essay1359 Words   |  6 PagesTo Kill A Mockingbird: The Theme of Prejudice The theme of prejudice in To Kill A Mockingbird is much more than just a case of black and white. The entire novel is about prejudice in its many forms, the most prominent case of prejudice is the racism and hate between the blacks and whites. The whole town of Maycomb is based on stereotypes of its inhabitants, that are passed down from generation to generation. Rumors run rampid and very little truth is usually in them. So Jem received mostRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Political Theme Essay1097 Words   |  5 PagesPolitical Themes Movie Review In the American classic 1962 movie, â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird,† which is based on the Harper Lee novel by the same title, the movie explores and condemns the controversial political theme, especially controversial at the time of the movie, racism. Racism is defined as Prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that ones own race is superior, according to the Oxford Dictionary. Even though racism is the politicalRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird Theme Analysis/Essay1901 Words   |  8 PagesHarper Lee’s novel, To Kill A Mockingbird, is a realistic story that deeply discusses issues involved with the 1930’s that still resonate today. The struggles of life are evident within the believable characters of Maycomb County which is a microcosm, reflective of universal issues. Along with the authentic characters, setting and style also helps to convey Lee’s controversial notions of racial and gender pr ejudice, and persecution of the innocent, discussing many other ideas within. Lee commentsRead MoreThemes in To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee Essay627 Words   |  3 PagesTo kill a mockingbird written by Harper Lee. Themes are the subject of a talk, a piece of writing or a persons thoughts. There are many themes present in this great American classic such as courage, racism, prejudice, morality and of course coming of age. Lee communicates these themes with characters, events that unfold and the scenarios that Jem and Scout have to face. One of many themes that is evidently present throughout the book is prejudice. The main action is of Atticus defending the innocentRead More The Theme of Prejudice in To Kill a Mockingbird Essay example2548 Words   |  11 PagesThe Theme of Prejudice in To Kill a Mockingbird ‘To Kill a Mocking Bird’ teaches us about the deceit and prejudice amongst the residents of Maycomb County, all of whom have very contrasting and conflicting views. We are told the story through the eyes of little girl, Scout, and the day-to-day prejudices she faces amongst society. Her father, Atticus, is a white man defending a Negro, even though the town frowns upon such a thing. He is trying to bring order to the socially segregating viewsRead MoreESSAY: The theme of human dignity in the novel To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee.1501 Words   |  7 Pageseye. Thus, ones dignity would be decided based on societys opinion of them. In the novel To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee, the theme of human dignity is portrayed by Scout, Calpurnia, and Atticus. This essay will analyze the theme of human dignity and describe how this novel proves that all people, regardless of race, social status, and family history are people of worth. Scout depicts the theme of human dignity by following Atticus words of wisdom and putting them to use in her everyday

Academic Autobiography Essay - 922 Words

Galindo 1 Juan Galindo Professor Student Success September 9, 2013 My Academic Autobiography Thinking about college and your future career can be very overwhelming at the beginning. There’s so much to consider when it comes to getting ready for college: where to go and what to study. I’ve heard it said that sometimes a student will enter college fully aware of what they want to do in life, and doggedly reach their undergraduate goal after four years of diligent study. My college career didn’t start off on the best footing. I was a dreadful student in high school, chronically absent, and not doing homework even when I could be bothered to attend class. My Arlington, Virginia high school was competitive, and my†¦show more content†¦After a year of this mediocre performance, the worst possible thing happened from the perspective of academic success: I fell in love with a graduating senior. She was returning to her native Delaware on graduation, and with the finely honed reasoning that only eighteen year olds can display, I decided the obvious response on my part was to drop out and go with her. Rather than bore the faithful reader with the details, suffice it to say that over the course of the next ten years, while moving around the East Coast, I amassed piecemeal credit from Shepherd College, Virginia Commonwealth University, Northern Virginia Community College, North Carolina Wesleyan College, and Strayer University. Meanwhile, I had changed majors from Music Composition to Music Education to Communications before finally becoming involved with information technology. The ‘90s were a great time for technical people. No one cared about college degrees, as demand for competent labor was too high for employers to care about anything other than ability. After the burst of the dot-com bubble, however, things changed completely. One of those changes was my attitude toward completing my degree. Since the ads for jobs in my field had gone from saying â€Å"Associate degree preferred† to â€Å"Bachelor’s degree required, Master’s preferred,† it seemed that the time had come to finish what I had started. ThereShow MoreRelatedMy Learning Autobiography : An Explanation Of Prior Academic Learning Essay2060 Words   |  9 PagesLearning Autobiography This autobiography will suffice as an explanation of prior academic learning that I’ve acquired over a 31-year span of my work and educational lifetime. My learning autobiography will display how I’ve been promoted through the ranks of each company I spent the most time with, gaining lasting knowledge along the way, it is here that I will demonstrate my experiential learning. Throughout my career, there have been many opportunities for me to partake in on-the-job-training andRead MoreAnalysis Of The 17th And 17th Centuries By Ben Jonson1489 Words   |  6 Pagesbehavior, plagiarizing is a serious misdemeanor, and with the advances in data storage and retrieval, plagiarism seems to have made a student s life superficially easier. Universities allocate resources to combat it, but it is probably well entrenched. Academic dishonesty and issues of educational integrity appear to be on the increase. Whether this is due to an increase in student numbers or an increase in ac tual cases is yet to be determined. We know that the total number of students attending universitiesRead MoreGen 4804604 Words   |  19 PagesInterdisciplinary Capstone Course Program Council The Academic Program Councils for each college oversee the design and development of all University of Phoenix curricula. Council members include full-time and practitioner faculty members who have extensive experience in this discipline. Teams of full-time and practitioner faculty content experts are assembled under the direction of these Councils to create specific courses within the academic program. Copyright Copyright à £ 2000, 2001, 2002,Read MoreAutoBiography Sample Essay4562 Words   |  19 Pagesgoodbye. The Beginning It is with a kind of fear that I begin to write the story of my life. I have, as it were, a superstitious hesitation in lifting the veil that clings about my childhood like a golden mist. The task of writing an autobiography is a difficult one. When I try to classify my earliest impressions, I find that a fact and fancy look alike across the years that link the past with the present. A few impressions stand out vividly from the first few years from my life but â€Å"theRead MoreSample Autobiography856 Words   |  4 Pagesattracted students from every part of New York City. Indeed, it provided a rigorous academic environment, and with one college advisor for each graduating class of nearly 700 students, I managed to learn some important lessons about dealing with the system. Midwood continues to prepare its students well; it has consistently placed among the top 50 in national rankings of high schools. It was at Midwood that I found my academic strengths and was given the tools to pursue them to the fullest extent possibleRead MoreHybridity in Ezekiel Mphahleles Down Second Avenue1231 Words   |  5 Pagesof the Greek components of the word autobiography. The textual landscape of Down Second Avenue includes many varied and detailed arenas, the rural setting and its many dimensions, the city and its many dimensions. In the sense that autobiography is part of the genre of biography in the postclassical European tradition, that being the life accounts of saints and princes, the criticism is perhaps true to some extent. However, in the aspect of the autobiography being a search for identity and hybridityRead MoreLosing My Virginity by Richard Branson Essay1500 Words   |  6 Pagesentrepreneurs young and old Branson autobiography is testament to the fact that once a person is determined and adaptable; success in business is not solely reliant on large financial backing and an academic background. Branson recognizes that his vision has been criticized for breaking all the ‘rules and it is too kaleidoscopic, however many people respect and revere the Virgin Brand and how it came about. Branson wishes to offer the reader an informal non academic read about his life and businessRead MoreB. Du Bois1593 Words   |  7 Pagestime there he would begin to experience his first taste of major racism and his first time around a group of other African-Americans. These experiences would go on to influence Du Bois to become interested in the fight for equality (A Recorded Autobiography, Interview with Moses Asch, 1961). After three years at Fisk University Du Bois received a Bachelor s Degree and began working summer jobs to help him, along with a scholarship, begin his dream of attending Harvard University – who did not acceptRead MoreHow Do I Learn Write? Essay987 Words   |  4 Pagesreader who doesn’t like mysteries. I have been asked for reflections of articles, frequently in high school. Every month, we were obligated to turn in four one page responses to four articles we’re given. Although this helped me develop my basic academic writing skills such as grammar, sentence structure, etcetera, it didn’t help me learn to write creatively. Creative writing is my true passion. As a kid, my favorite bedtime stories fell under the fiction category. I would love falling asleep toRead MoreHow The Degree Program Can Facilitate Your Academic And Professional Objectives937 Words   |  4 Pageswill facilitate your academic and professional objectives. Acceptance into Baylor University’s Clinical Psychology Program will provide me with coveted academic and professional experiences, further equipping me with the knowledge and skills needed to attain my professional goals of working as a clinical psychologist and educator once I successfully complete Baylor’s Clinical Psychology Program. Autobiography - CPSY Please include the following in your autobiography: your personal and

Understanding The Difference of Living Standards Standard of Living Free Essays

The American life style has been very much shaped by their economy. Nearly all aspects of American, and for that matter the rest of the world†s, life have been changed by their economy†s in some way, shape or form. Everything from the beds we sleep on, to the food we eat, to the jobs we aquire to make ends meet is continuously shaped by the different economies each respective country has. We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding The Difference of Living Standards Standard of Living or any similar topic only for you Order Now So what is quality of life anyway? There are probably a thousand different answers to that question, but they all point in the same direction. Quality of life means how happy you are with the lifestyle you have. Are you unhappy because you don†t have the belongings you want, or are you perfectly happy being without them, and believe in just enjoying life for what it is. Quality of life is a measure of your social, economic and mental well being. Standard of living is something totally different from quality of life. Although they sound the same and the meanings of the separate words are similar, each phrase has it†s own meaning. The standard of your living may affect your standard of life though. Standard of living means the material possessions you have. It is the degree you are able to satisfy your material wants and needs. First, to understand how the fact that the United States is a market economy affects the quality of life there, it helps for you to know some history on the subject. When the United States first started there was practically no secondary industry, this was because there hadn†t been a need for it before then. All the States did was â€Å"harvest† the raw goods from the land and sell them back to the mother country. There wasn†t any need to have any secondary industry. This all changed when they became a separate country. Later on when the British industrial revolution was about at it†s midriff the American revolution kicked in. this changed the secondary industry from a cottage based industry to a factory based industry with the introduction of machines that could do the work of several men. The farmers started to move out of the country and in to the big cities, where all the work was. Eli Whitney can be credited with the mass production of interchangeable pa rts. Unfortunately, this system created a feeling of alienation. The workers in the the factorys were in a totally different social class than the managers. This gap along with the fact that they didn†t feel like they were part of the coroporation, a corporation acts as a single fictcios person, the workers didn†t feel like they were part of this person. The quality of life of the workers at these factories went down. They felt alienated at work, then they went home to poor housing conditions, malnutrition and virtually no social mobility. Although they weren†t nearly as bad as in Britain. The producers were happy though; they were making lots of money and more and better products than ever before. This leads to the next issue of the relations between the labor force and management. This affects how people get the products, and how some people work, thus affecting the quality of life of many American citizens. Labor and management often have disagreements because the two groups have different views on how things should work. Management wants to keep production costs at a minimum, and therefore giving workers a low wage, while labor workers want high wages and lots of benefits for themselves. When the two groups have a disagreement and go into talks they try to find the answer to one simple question, â€Å"what should be the terms and conditions of employment?† and depending on their respective answers, they agree or disagree. These decisions determine the relationship of these two groups. There are many risks in business, especially if you are the proprietor behind a proprietorship. This kind of business means you stand to lose or gain the most. If this fact is causing too much stress, your quality of life may â€Å"go through the floor.† But if you are the kind of person who values money very highly, your quality of life may go up when you have the knowledge that you may be able to make that much money. There are always ways to get around the risks of business; there are exemptions to every rule. There is always to lose too though. Since the great depression, government has had much more to do with the economy than it used to. The government has much more to do with the American citizen†s life since the great depression. This bothers some people, but others like the security of being under the government†s protective wing. The government has decided to exert more controll because they want to limit the fluctuations of the business cycle. The government now makes laws and regulations to restrain the country. There are also many more social programs now, which some people couldn†t live without. These were developed because people were losing money and jobs over things which they didn†t have control over, like market fluctuations. The consumer has a very important role in the economy, and so in there own standard of living, and even in there own quality of life. Some people are only happy when they have the material possessions, while others have no need of material things to make them happy. The people who need the possessions put a high regard to what the role of an American consumer is. Things like complaining when something is unsatisfactory, and becoming informed about which products to buy. Every country has an economic system, and economic systems affect lifestyles, quality of lives, and standards of living. An economy can affect life much the way a climate can. In fact, an economy is actually a kind of climate. An economy can change, fluctuate and cause harm much the same way a weather climate can. The united states has used all levels of government and private enterprise to ensure an adequate quality of life for all of it†s citizens. The market economy is allowed to function by the government as long as it supports the common good, or quality of life. How to cite Understanding The Difference of Living Standards Standard of Living, Essay examples

Computing Stories using Actor Network Theory

Question: Discuss the computing news stories and analyzes them by actor network theory. Answer: Introduction This essay discusses the computing news stories and analyses them by Actor Network Theory. In each news story which is in some or the other way related to computers news there are at least two actants (it could be more than two). Actant is any specialists; it could be a group or an individual who can relate or split with other specialists. Actants go into organized affiliations, which in turn characterize them, designate them, and furnish them with subjectivity, activity, substance, and expectation, and. Also, actants are considered foundationally vague, with no from the earlier substance, and it is through the systems in which they relate that actants infer their inclination (Callon 2012). Moreover, actants themselves create as systems. Actants are blends of representatively contributed equipment, personalities, relations, and engravings, systems prepared to do settling inside other differing systems. This essay aims to identify all different actants that exists in referred computing news story, and how these actants depend on each other. Also, this essay will cover when an Actant acts on another Actant, how does this change/modify the behavior of the Actant being acted upon. In this essay, we will argue on the network perception, in a more precise way it could be said as, the ANT (actor network theory) aims to heighten the understanding of network composition as well as its growth throughout the information system organization (Callon 2012). Actor Network Theory The Actor-Network Theory also called the human science of interpretation is a socio-technological determinism initially created by Science Technology Study researchers as an endeavor to comprehend the procedures of development and information development in science and technology. The hypothesis is an undeniably compelling, yet profoundly challenged in its methodology to comprehend people and their communications with non-human items. ANT is a theory which considers the whole thing as actors or actants and defines the associations amongst those actants or entities, originally developed in the fields of anthropology sociology. This theory states that there is no difference amongst non-human entity and human entity on the ontological ground. As information system investigation frets about the communication among people, advancements and data frameworks, a hypothesis which pacts by this socio-technological determinism by contradicting that any such type of division exists ever provides conceivable outcomes. ANT identifies that non-human actants plays a substantial part in the network and are not completely controlled by human actants; however data framework investigators must not misappropriate it by assuming that non-human actants are of much importance in compare to human actants as this prompts techno-determinism which is completely contradictory to ANT. In numerous information systems reading ANT has been utilized to research on stability of network and henceforth adoption of the technology however as we perceive dynamic quality and complex of the systems, it could be perceived that instead of stabilization, closure and alignment, the keywords have now been changed to inconsistencies, ambiguities, multiplicities and ambivalence. Understanding the new era is not about closure and stabilization. Instead, it is about more specially appointed performances. Analysis Using Actor Network Theory (ANT) Computing News Story 1 The computing news story which has been referred here focuses on Digital baby projects aim, a digital actant, which states that Can Computer see like a human baby? In a more elaborative way it could be said as Is it possible for a computer to learn things by seeing and interact with its surrounding accordingly? (Jeremy 2016). The primary actant in this story is human actant as it is the main source of information that has to be perceived by artificial intelligence which is secondary actant here i.e. Digital actant. Here Digital actant is completely dependent upon the human actant. Artificial Intelligence is aiming to recognize the computers vision, a digital actant, of fuzzy or partial images of objects such as horses, eagles, airplanes etc. in comparison to the human actant. Expectedly, brains of human evidenced much better than a computer at identifyingthese minimalimages even as they became minor and harder to recognize. However while comparing both actants digital and human, it found clues that computer vision algorithms could be improved, and artificial intelligence may learn to understand theworld the way a growing human does since its birth. Humans brain uses some building block feature to identify fuzzy or small images while the computer does not use any such feature. The study shows that human recognition is both distinct and better as compared to artificial intelligence algorithms. Online workers act as the software actants as the story needed more than 14000 participants and it was impossible to bring all of them to the lab. Hence human actants depended upon a software actant i.e. Amazon Mechanical Turk to complete the experiment (Jeremy 2016). Cultural Scale At the cultural scale, the story identifies how the computer vision algorithms and human brain decode the images. This new digital actant i.e. decoding of images showed unexpected fall in the reorganization of images by the human brain. When previously compared computer algorithms did worse than the human brain but when the images were made fuzzy or small, there was not much of the recognition gap. Use in Enhancing Management The use of digital baby project could help the hardware and software actants in future. For ex- Someday higher computers could empower Cortana Siri, essential partners in individuals tablets and cell phones, to perceive or social co-operations or human expressions. Several other technologies could also be empowered such as hardware actants ex flying drones or self-driving cars improving them ready to perceive their general surroundings. For instance, driverless auto specialists have been endeavoring to enhance the PC vision calculations that empower robot autos to perceive rapidly walkers, autos, and different articles out and about. Computing News Story 2 This computing news story which has been referred is about an application MyShake, a software actant that uses GPS sensors, another software actant for the detection of earthquakes, a cultural actant, and evaluates their location magnitude in real time (Patel 2016). This software technology possibly will lead to a compact worldwide seismic system, a structural actant, which could warn individuals about the epicenter of the earthquake so that they could get some time to reach to some safe spot. The dependant actant here found to be is US Geological Survey Group, A human actant which acts upon the data from the network, a software actant, which are ten to hundred seismic stations spaced kilometers apart. GPS acceleration meters that could take consistent estimations at a specific area can likewise distinguish long haul ground development at a geographical shortcoming that, with a sudden arrival of developed strengths, results in a seismic tremor (Patel 2016). Cultural Scale At the scale of culture, the story identifies how the smartphone network will use the sensors in different countries worldwide. In the countries like Nepal or Haiti where no seismic network is available but are present billions of smart phones, this phenomenon could result in low cost system to warn the people about the earthquake and save lives as much as possible. Knowledge Scale At the scale of knowledge administration, this story comprises of a clever algorithm that can distinguish between earthquake shakes and activity of human. This is done by recognizing the amplitude and frequency of the accelerometer indications. Issues and benefits of Contemporary Computing It needs a large number of networks to determine the quakes which might not be present at every location. So it will not work at every location. Also, still there are many bugs that are present with the application and it has very less no.of users. Big Data generation is the primary issue with this application. As the application has to maintain the complete data of the earth it requires large volume space and the retrieval speed will be slow because of this. Hence to handle extra bytes of information parallel processing will be required along with new analytics algorithm. Human behavior is affected most by these modern gadgets as it increases the dependency on a very high level. Contemporary Computing is counterproductive but more like eating in excess which hinders progress and advancement. It causes peoples neural filters to decay when doing several things at once. However there are many good sides to it as communication is necessary for judgement, organization, and planning. It is required for processing information. Exchange of feedback is one of the most desired reasons to have contemporary computing in our daily life. Also without it, it would be impossible to manage global operations. Conclusion As discussed in the introduction part this essay had researched upon latest computing news stories and had analyzed them using actor-network theory. It could be concluded that any actant doesnt have its own value unless it is being acted upon by some other actant or it acts on some other actant. All the actants found in these two stories were somehow connected to one another. No actant has a value unless it acts on other actant or acted upon by another. GPS sensors in news story 2 would have no value if they dont have an actant to evaluate magnitude and location. Similarly other actants are in some or the other way acting on each other. In this essay it has been contended that data frameworks is a socio-specialized order including both non-human as well as human actants, and that data frameworks usage are complicate exercises unavoidably including some type of technical development. It has been additionally contended that oversimplified perspectives of how data frameworks are manufactured, actualized and utilized regularly disguise vital communications amidst non-human human actants thus does not give an exact finish picture of what has happened. Actor Network Theory approach dodges the necessity to consider the technical and the social, hence non-human actants and human actants, in various techniques. Emphasizing by what means the non-human human actants included in socio-specialized circumstances References Jeremy, H 2016, Digital Baby Project's Aim: Computers That See Like Humans, available: https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/computing/software/digital-baby-project-aims-for-computers-to-see-like-humans. Patel, P 2016, New App Could Improve Earthquake Warning Using GPS, available: https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/consumer-electronics/gadgets/new-app-could-improve-earthquake-warning-using-gps Callon, M 2012. Some Elements of a Sociology of Translation:Domestication of the Scallops and the Fishermen of St. Brieuc Bay. In Power, Action, and Belief: A New Sociology of Knowledge? edited by J. Law. London: Routledge Kegan Paul. Latour, B 2007. Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers through Society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Law, J 2012. Notes on the Theory of Actor-Network: Ordering, Strategy and Heterogeneity. Systems Practice 5:37993.

Battle of Fort Necessity in the French and Indian War

Battle of Fort Necessity in the French and Indian War In the spring of 1754, Virginia Governor Robert Dinwiddie dispatched a construction party to the Forks of the Ohio (present-day Pittsburgh, PA) with the goal of building a fort to assert British claims to the area. To support the effort, he later sent 159 militia, under Lieutenant Colonel George Washington, to join the building team. While Dinwiddie instructed Washington to remain on the defensive, he indicated that any attempt to interfere with the construction work was to be prevented. Marching north, Washington found that the workers had been driven away from the forks by the French and had retreated south. As the French began constructing Fort Duquesne at the forks, Washington received new orders instructing him to commence building a road north from Wills Creek. Obeying his orders, Washingtons men proceeded to Wills Creek (present-day Cumberland, MD) and began work. By May 14, 1754, they reached a large, marshy clearing known as the Great Meadows. Establishing a base camp in the meadows, Washington began exploring the area while waiting for reinforcements. Three days later, he was alerted to the approach of a French scouting party. Assessing the situation, Washington was advised by Half King, a Mingo chief allied to the British, to take a detachment to ambush the French. Armies Commanders British Lieutenant Colonel George WashingtonCaptain James McKay393 men French Captain Louis Coulon de Villiers700 men Battle of Jumonville Glen Agreeing, Washington and approximately 40 of his men marched through the night and foul weather to set the trap. Finding the French camped in a narrow valley, the British surrounded their position and opened fire. The resulting Battle of Jumonville Glen lasted about fifteen minutes and saw Washingtons men kill 10 French soldiers and capture 21, including their commander Ensign Joseph Coulon de Villiers de Jumonville. After the battle, as Washington was interrogating Jumonville, Half King walked up and struck the French officer in the head killing him. Building the Fort Anticipating a French counterattack, Washington fell back to Great Meadows and on May 29 ordered his men to begin constructing a log palisade. Placing the fortification in the middle of the meadow, Washington believed the position would provide a clear field of fire for his men. Though trained as a surveyor, Washingtons relative lack of military experience proved critical as the fort was sited in a depression and was too close to the tree lines. Dubbed Fort Necessity, Washingtons men quickly completed work on the fortification.  During this time, Half King attempted to rally Delaware, Shawnee, and Seneca warriors to support the British. On June 9, additional troops from Washingtons Virginia regiment arrived from Wills Creek bringing his total force up to 293 men. Five days later, Captain James McKay arrived with his Independent Company of regular British troops from South Carolina. Shortly after making camp, McKay and Washington entered into a dispute over who should command. While Washington held a superior rank, McKays commission in the British Army took precedence. The two ultimately agreed on an awkward system of joint command. While McKays men remained at Great Meadows, Washingtons continued work on the road north to Gists Plantation. On June 18, Half King reported that his efforts were unsuccessful and no Native American forces would be reinforcing the British position. Battle of Great Meadows Late in the month, word was received that a force of 600 French and 100 Indians had departed Fort Duquesne. Feeling that his position at Gists Plantation was untenable, Washington retreated to Fort Necessity. By July 1, the British garrison had concentrated, and work began on a series of trenches and earthworks around the fort. On July 3, the French, led by Captain Louis Coulon de Villiers, Jumonvilles brother, arrived and quickly surrounded the fort. Taking advantage of Washingtons mistake, they advanced in three columns before occupying the high ground along the tree line which allowed them to fire into the fort. Knowing that his men needed to clear the French from their position, Washington prepared to assault the enemy.   Anticipating this, Villiers attacked first and ordered his men to charge at the British lines.   While the regulars held their position and inflicted losses on the French, the Virginia militia fled into the fort. After breaking Villiers charge, Washington withdrew all of his men back to Fort Necessity. Outraged by his brothers death, which he considered murder, Villiers had his men maintain a heavy fire on the fort through the day. Pinned down, Washingtons men soon ran short of ammunition. To make their situation worse, heavy rain began which made firing difficult. Around 8:00 PM, Villiers sent a messenger to Washington to open surrender negotiations. With his situation hopeless, Washington agreed. Washington and McKay met with Villiers, however, the negotiations went slowly as neither spoke the others language. Finally, one of Washingtons men, who spoke bits of both English and French, was brought forward to serve as an interpreter. Aftermath After several hours of talking, a surrender document was produced. In exchange for surrendering the fort, Washington and McKay were permitted to withdraw back to Wills Creek. One of the clauses of the document stated that Washington was responsible for the assassination of Jumonville. Denying this, he claimed the translation he had been given was not assassination but death of or killing. Regardless, Washingtons admission was used as propaganda by the French. After the British departed on July 4, the French burned the fort and marched to Fort Duquesne. Washington returned to Great Meadows the following year as part of the disastrous Braddock Expedition. Fort Duquesne would remain in French hands until 1758 when the site was captured by General John Forbes.

The Spanish Expansion essays

The Spanish Expansion essays On February 8, 1517 Francisco de Cordoba set sail from Cuba with 110 ships full of men to investigate the new world in search of riches and glory. Twenty-one days after their departure Cordobas men found a small Mayan town. The natives fought a brief but bloody battle with the Spaniards and were defeated. This was but the beginning of the Spanish conquest of Mexico. Two years after the first expedition by Cordoba, Hernando Cortes left from Trinidad for Mexico with six hundred and eight able-bodied troops. His goal was to explore the land and record the happenings of his travels. Cortess first contact was on March 12, 1519, when he and his men engaged the Tabascan natives that inhabited the land near the entrance to the Grijalva River. This encounter was brought before the emperor of the entire land of modern day Mexico, Montezuma. Though Montezuma was interested on the newcomers, he would not allow them to visit his royal palace. Throughout the campaign that followed Cortes dealt with two insurrections and a party of Spaniards sent from Cuba to deal with the reckless leader. After several battles, the worst of which was later called la noche triste or the woeful night, where more than four hundred and fifty men. After many more battles Cortes conquered the capitol city of Tenochtitlan and all of the Aztec Empire. This woeful slaughter and pillaging brought to the end of the civilization known as the Greeks of the Western Hemisphere. This topic has always been one of great interest to me because it teaches of the beginning of the exploitation of the new world and because it is one of the few contemporary conquests that did not involve violence on European soil. The knowledge and wealth of the Aztec civilization is a wonder within its own age due to the architecture and grandeur of its capitol city Tenochtitlan alone. The idea of an entire city floating on a lake was not even dreamed of in Europe at that time. At t...

The Effects of Coffee and British Imperialism on the Global Economy Research Paper

The Effects of Coffee and British Imperialism on the Global Economy from 1870 to 1910 - Research Paper Example Towards the mid 19th century, the global economy was substantially influenced by the rapid increase in the consumption of coffee in Europe and the United States and this lead to more developments in the production and trade of coffee. Production growth was not only witnessed across the vast British empire but was also evident in the Latin Americas particularly in Brazil. With the expansion of the British colonies in Africa, Asia as well as in the Pacific and Indian oceans, the British Empire came to dominate the international trade particularly the production and consumption of coffee which was key elements of the 19th century global economy. On the other hand, the ex British colonies such as in the Americas also asserted significant influence on the global economy with regard to the production of raw materials and export industry. The rise of coffee as one of the major commodities of international trade in the 19th century can be traced to the British colonial production of coffee in the Americas, Asia and Africa as well as in the Indian Ocean. The unprecedented production of coffee which was witnessed in these colonies as well the increased demand for coffee in the European countries resulted in the domination of the international market by coffee merchants and traders. The global economy of the time had not however reached the stage of market capi talism. The market size was comparatively smaller and coffee was primarily used as a luxury drink. The small size of the coffee market from 1870 to 1910 was generally attributed to the fact to the inefficient colonial production methods such as the use of coercion as opposed to the application of new technology. By the end of 1910, the British coffee colonialism had significantly declined most probably because many of the colonies gained independence. Coffee continued to play a greater role in the global economy but the role of the British Imperialism was increasingly replaced by the newly independent countries such as Brazil, Caribbean and the Spanish America. This paper focuses on the role of the British imperialism and the coffee trade in the global economy of 19th century particularly from 1870 to 1910. The contributions of the coffee industry to the Global economy of 19th century Although initially regarded as a luxury product, coffee rapidly gained popularity in the mid 19th c entury to become a mass necessity particularly in the United States and the European counties such as Britain, France and Germany2. One of the major factors that contributed to the explosion of the global demand for coffee was the industrial revolution. For example the industrial revolution not only increased the purchasing power of the ordinary persons due to the improved economies but also resulted in increased efficiency and reduced costs of coffee production thereby making it cheaper and affordable to many people in Europe and United States. After slave trade was outlawed in the 1850s, industrialization played a key role in the coffee production in several parts of the British Empire as well as in the Latin America. A number of infrastructural developed which occurred during the period were largely attributed to the coffee production and trade. In many colonies as well as former colonies that produced coffee, railways were constructed to aid coffee export. For example

The Caribbean Societies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Caribbean Societies - Essay Example In the history of the development of the society, several social changes have already transformed the development of the social structure and their development course. In the past, some examples of social changes in the past are the use of contraception particularly birth control pills as related to the population and marital realm in the society, the electoral system development incorporating women as the result of the female suffragist's action for equality, and the acceptance of the concept of homosexuality in the social structure. These social changes have caused the development of the present social community to their contemporary state in the modern period. In the present, several social change issues are still influence the social behavior of the population namely the information technology structure which it now integrating their influence in the respective lives of the people. This in turn, has caused their presence to become a significant factor in the present state of mode rnity of the present social culture transforming the present society to become dependent upon the technology for their daily needs and activities. Modernization is mainl... Often this concept is viewed as the product of the evolutionary pattern of the society in their development towards achieving a better approach towards their needs. Progress is the main determinant of the nature of this concept as observable in the life conditions of the people. Indeed, modernization can be observed in most critical social aspects and structure relevant to the daily activities of the population. The present state of modernization is primarily product the different stages of development that occurred in the previous periods. Each development stage produces a new standard of progress in the society wherein this respective level manifests as a better approach than the previous one in terms of the betterment of the condition of the population. (Schmidt, 2008, 54) Examples of the dominant modernization changes in the society are the development in the communication field in terms of contracting the regional gaps of the population, the progress in media developing the mean of transference of news and information, and the progress in the computing field as influenced by the rapid industrialization of the technology industry. On actual social structure, the concept of modernization is also dominant affecting the normative processes and approaches in each significant social system. An example of this is the modernity in the processes in the criminal justice field wherein their critic al investigation has been further developed with the advancement of their facilities and technological development. Indeed, modernization brings forth the general influence of development as part of the continuous pursuit of the population towards progress.(Yelvington, 2006, 56) In

Stakeholders Project Organizations

Stakeholders Project Organizations To address the theme of project requirements, carry out research and, from your findings, draft Clearly structured notes that explain what is: †¢ Meant by the terms primary, secondary and tertiary stakeholders. †¢ The purpose of a scope document and what sections it should contain. Stakeholders Introduction:Stakeholders are anyone who has an interest in the project. Project stakeholders are individuals and organizations that are actively involved in the project, or whose interests may be affected as a result of project execution or project completion. They may also exert influence over the projects objectives and outcomes. The project management team must identify the stakeholders, determine their requirements and expectations and to the extent possible, manage their influence in relation to the requirements to ensure a successful project. Project Project Stake holder Project management Project Support Project Manager How a Stakeholders directly involved in a project Figure : The Relationship Between Stakeholders and the Project There are three kinds of stakeholders are involved in a project they are ivolved in a project internally or externally like that . Primary stakeholders Secondary stakeholders Tertiary stakeholders Primary stakeholders Primary stakeholders are those people and groups eventually affected by the project. Who expect to benefit from or be negatively affected by the change of project. In most projects primary stakeholders will be categorized according to socio-economic assessment. Thus, primary stakeholders should often be divided by gender, social or income classes, occupational or service user groups Primary stakeholders a direct link with the business- Customers. Suppliers. Secondary stakeholders: Secondary stakeholders are those with an intermediary role. They can be divided into funding, implementing, monitoring and advocacy organizations, or simply governmental, NGO and private sector organizations. Secondary stakeholders arent exactly participating customer and suppliers. Who is indirectly affected by the project plan. Forestry companies Landowners and or residents not inside the protected area but near Tertiary Stakeholders: Tertiary Stakeholders are those who are not involved or affected, but can influence opinions either for or against. Tertiary- can still have an influence, but are not involved or affected, but can influence opinions either for or against Those indirectly affected by the program neighborhood organizations, academic institutions, elected officials, advocacy groups, professional associations, skeptics, opponents, and staff of related or competing organizations. Local opinion leaders Local media Ecology departments of universities, research institutes etc. Scope Document Introduction: The scope document is a common term for at all document that refines and defines the requirements aspect of the triple constraint of time, cost, and requirements. In this general sense, it provides an overview of what the project is supposed to accomplish and clarifies how those accomplishments will be achieved. It may also provide the team members, customer, and project manager with insight on what is specifically not in the scope. Section contain This section summarizes some of the business issues around the project, including profiles of major customer categories, assumptions that went into the project concept, and the management priorities for the project. Vision Statement. History of project (Before) Assumption Risk Stakeholder User Vision statement: It is important to a project manager vision and scope document. It is also one of the easiest to execute. A project faces some problem when a project run a good vision and scope document will help in this time History of project (Before) History of project section contains a summary of the problem that the project will solve. It should provide a brief history of the problem and an explanation of how the organization justified the decision to build software to address it. Assumption This is the list of assumptions that the stakeholders, users or project team have made. the rest of the vision and scope document should be ready before the Delphi meeting and used as the basis for estimation. Risk It should be generated by a project teams brainstorming session. It could include external factors that could impact the project, issues or problems that could potentially cause project delays or raise issues. User This is a bulleted list of the users. As with the stakeholders, each user can either be referred to by name or role however, if there are many users, it is usually inefficient to try to name each one. The needs of each user are described. Task -2 To address the theme of how to grasp and communicate the â€Å"big picture† (a higher level view of the project overall, rather than a lower level view of, say, tasks for team members) carry out research and, from your findings, draft clearly structured notes that explain the benefits of visual forms of communication compared to, say, text or speech. Provide examples of the following visual forms of communication to show that you understand how they work and what information they contain: †¢ Lifecycle models †¢ Activity networks †¢ Mind maps Give a written explanation of how each of these methods may be used to communicate key ideas in a project. Introduction: Planning and estimating a project has never been easy. All projects have certain characteristics in common. They all have a beginning and an end. In other words, they do not continue on forever. Projects result in the creation of one or more deliverables. Projects also have assigned resources either full time, part time or both. There are other characteristics as well. All organizations can have projects. Projects can include building a house or office building, planning and executing a marketing campaign, upgrading desktop operating systems, installing a new phone system, developing an IT business application, etc. Throughout the course of a project the plan always changes due to certain events, Such as a change in the requirements. In order to support these frequent changes, a Good planning process is essential. It should involve Reducing Risk Reducing uncertainty. Conveying Information to the customer helps support better decision Life cycle models are: There are three kinds of life cycle model Waterfall model V Model Spiral model Waterfall model But I like waterfall model instance of V model and spiral model. It easy to dived into isolated stage. Which is perfect for project because one stage complete another stage started .so it is sure that the stage is complete. Each stage realize on when previous stage complete. Every stage has a miles stone. It is easy to know about a project to se Waterfall model because it has various stages V model: I cont like v-model because of: -emphasize on testing. Time consuming Waste money because of taste in all phases. Spiral model: its difficult to represent its not understandable to project team. Visual forms of communication System acceptance test Business Requirement Analysis Design Code test Integration Test Fig: Water fall Model 0 6 6 Task 1 0 0 6 6 14 20 Task 2 6 0 20 20 7 27 Task 3 20 0 27 27 7 34 Task 4 27 0 34 34 4 38 Task 5 34 0 38 38 2 40 Task 6 38 0 40 40 40 0 0 40 40 Fig: Activity Network Diagram Fig: Mind Map Life cycle model Written explanation Waterfall Model: Waterfall model is a popular life cycle of the project life cycle model . Often considered the classic approach to the project development life cycle, the waterfall model describes a development method that is linear and sequential. Waterfall development has distinct goals for each phase of development.. Once a phase of development is completed, the development proceeds to the next phase and there is no turning back. Advantages / Disadvantages Most-widely used process model Controls schedules, budgets documentation Tends to favor well-understood system aspects over poorly understood system components Does not detect development areas behind schedule early in the lifecycle stages. Business Requirement: what is requiring in a business to do met in order to successes of a project.Establishes the components for building the system, including the row matatiels of a project and other necessary components Analysis: in analysis stage of a project a project manager is accept the all knowledge of a project how to solve it when its solved (project). Design: The design defines the major components and the interaction of those components, but the design does not define the structure of each component. It is determine the external interfaces and tools to use in the project. Code test: Implements the detailed design specification this only for code and Determines whether the project meets the specified requirements and finds any errors present in the code. System acceptance test: Acceptance testing is conducted within the testing area .its purpose is to allow the customer to confirm that the complete system. A detailed acceptance test plan is produced prior to testing which identifies the test to be conduct. Mind map A Mind map which represent a project with a graphics. Mind map is a diagram used to represent words, ideas, tasks or other items linked to and arranged radically around a central key word or idea. It is used to generate, visualize, structure and classify ideas, and as an aid in study, organization, problem solving, decision making, and writing. Mind mapping, on the other hand, is a more intuitive way to manage projects, particularly if you have a lot of responsibilities and its easy to let something slip if its not right in front of you Mind map show the level Strategic, Tactical, Operational And who is responsible for a particular work of a project. Activity network Activity Networks is one of the most popular planning techniques. However, the activity networks diagrams have since been applied to activity planning for a wide range of projects. The approach is very scalable, enabling it to be applied effectively to the planning of activities spanning even a very short time frame. The activity network is a diagram that represents the activities required and their inter-dependencies, their start and finish dates and the time necessary for their completion. The resources required for each activity are also included on the diagram. Activity Networks are made up of a series of activity boxes, each of which depicts a discrete activity or task. It is easy to know of a project details by using activity network such as Early Start Time: Est. represent of the start time of a project Duration: How long time the project continues. Early finished time: when the project complete Activity description: this is which task is depends other task. Last Start Time: Last finished time minus Duration Last finished time: Last Start Time of succeeding activity Float Critical Path: once the resources required to complete each activity have been identified and the activity network updated to reflect these, then the start and finish dates can be added. With the shape and size of the planned area of work now visible, the total cost of the resources can be calculated. There will always be a critical path running through any project, from the first activity to the last. The critical path is defined as that series of activities that have zero float. The concept of float is central to critical path analysis, as it represents the ability to schedule an activity, or sequence of activities, within a flexible time slot rather than having to perform it immediately. This enables the more efficient management of resources across all of the activities in the network. How to calculate Float of a project Reading through activity networks from left to right gives the total duration of the planned work. Reading back through the network, subtracting each duration shows those activities that have any spare time. This spare time, known as float, is a very useful concept in relation to resource scheduling and smoothing. Float identifies parcels of time that can be used to introduce flexibility into the planned work, enabling the more efficient use of the available resources. Summary: project Lifecycles model which represent the Controls schedules, budgets documentation with graphics about a project .Activity Network which is needs for time management of a project such as est,eft lst,lft float,critical path etc, Mind Map It is used to generate, visualize, structure and classify ideas, and as an aid in study, organization, problem solving, decision making, and writing. Task-3 On the theme of team selection and management, carry out research and, from your findings, draft Clearly structured notes on the team working theories devised by: †¢ Tuck man †¢ Belbin †¢ Myers-Briggs Write a summary of how knowledge of each theory might assist a project manager in the selection and development of an effective project team. Write notes that show how to assess the risk of team failure, using a risk matrix to document at least TWO possible risk scenarios, such as loss of key personnel or infighting between team-mates. Summaries the contingency plans you would call into effect, if the risks were realized. 1700 SUMMARY of Tuck man theory: Tuck man model explains that as the team develops maturity and ability, relationships establish, and the leader changes leadership style. Beginning with a directing style, moving through coaching, then participating, finishing delegating and almost detached. At this point the team may produce a successor leader and the previous leader can move on to develop a new team. Tuck man theory basically consists of four thing Forming Storming Norming Performing How to create a project group Storming 2 Forming 1 Performing 4 3 Norming Forming In the beginning step of a project which is forming the team is assembled and the task is allocated Firstly. Team members tend to behave independently and although goodwill may exist they do not know each other well enough to unconditionally trust one another. Time is spent planning, collecting information and bonding. Storming The second step of a project which is Storming The team starts to address the task suggesting ideas from a project. Different ideas may compete for ascendancy and if badly managed this phase can be very destructive for the team. Relationships between team members will be made or broken in this phase and some may never recover. In extreme cases the team can become stuck in the Storming phase. If a team is too focused on consensus they may decide on a plan which is less effective in completing the task for the sake of the team. This carries its own set of problems. It is essential that a team has strong facilitative leadership in this phase. Norming The thread step of a project which is Storming in Tuck man model As the team moves out of the Storming phase they will enter the Norming phase. This tends to be a move towards harmonious working practices with teams agreeing on the rules and values by which they operate. Team leaders can take a step back from the team at this stage as individual members take greater responsibility. The risk during the Norming stage is that the team becomes complacent and loses either their creative edge or the drive that brought them to this phase. Performing The four step of a project which is performing in Tuck man model Not all teams make it to the Performing phase, which is essentially an era of high performance. Performing teams are identified by high levels if independence, motivation, knowledge and competence. Decision making is collaborative and dissent is expected and encouraged as there will be a high level of respect in the communication between team members. Summary of Myers-Briggs theory: The Myers-Briggs personality typology, unlike some other typing theories such as the Enneagram or Four Temperaments, uses a combination of several aspects to arrive at a composite type, based on the interaction and relative weight of different behavioral and attitudinal factors. The types are expressed as combinations of four letters, as follows: E or I (Extravert or Introvert) S or N (Sensing or intuitive) T or F (Thinking or Feeling) J or P (Judging or Perceiving) Summary of Belbin theory: The term Team Roles was first coined by Dr Meredith Belbin, but is now used more generically to describe team types. A Team Role is defined by Meredith Belbin as: A tendency to behave, contribute and interrelate with others in a particular way. It is usually written Team Roles, but can also be found as teamroles or team-roles. Belbin Team Roles improve self-knowledge and understanding among individuals and teams. Team Roles depict a current behavioural pattern ,Preferences arent fixed, since many factors can influence behaviour, whether a new job, promotion or circumstances outside work. Co-ordinator Shaper Resource Investigator Company worker Monitor evaluator Team worker Completer finishers Specialist Co-ordinator: The co-ordinator is a person-oriented leader. This person is trusting, accepting, dominant and is committed to team goals and objectives. The co-ordinator is a positive thinker who approves of goal attainment, struggle and effort in others. Shaper: The shaper is a task-focused leader who abounds in nervous energy, who has a high motivation to achieve and for whom winning is the name of the game. Resource Investigator: The resource investigator is someone who explores opportunities and develops contacts. Resource investigators are good negotiators who probe others for information and support and pick up others ideas and develop them. Company Worker: Implementers are aware of external obligations and are disciplined, conscientious and have a good self-image. They tend to be tough-minded and practical, trusting and tolerant, respecting established traditions. Team worker: Team workers make helpful interventions to avert potential friction and enable difficult characters within the team to use their skills to positive ends. They tend to keep team spirit up and allow other members to contribute effectively. Specialist The specialist provides knowledge and technical skills which are in rare supply within the team. They are often highly introverted and anxious and tend to be self-starting, dedicated and committed Risk of Team failure Diagnosing Team Failure Teams are put together to combine the knowledge and expertise of team members, this helps to gain greater strategic thinking and enhanced creativity in business solutions. When teams fail to perform as expected, an attempt is usually made to pinpoint and blame the people responsible. However, the answer doesnt always lie in replacing the team or firing the ‘scapegoat but in answering the question, ‘what went wrong with the group as a whole and why? Unless we make an attempt to identify the underlying causes, its unlikely the solution will be found. Factors Identifying Six Common Problem Areas No Trust Between Team Members When team members dont trust each other or are suspicious of each others motives, the end result is a team that is not cohesive in its approach. Ineffective Interaction and Unproductive Team Meetings All the complexities of team dynamics come to the fore at the meeting. The meeting is one of the most critical aspects of the team process with strategies and innovative solutions to problems emerging during this time. Poor Role Clarity Role clarity is a must in a team situation. When roles are not clearly defined, this can lead to conflict and confusion on tasks. Losing Focus of Business Objectives If you dont know where you are heading, how can you get there!? At times a team fails because the goals are unclear to the team members. Faulty Analysis of Market Conditions and Flawed Company Policies At times a team can fail due to uncertainties in market conditions and an inability to read the signs of change. Poor Time Management A team should plan its goals and activities whilst keeping time constraints and deadlines in mind, otherwise their efficiency level in managing and implementing a task can Risk Matrix A Risk Matrix is a tool used in the Risk Assessment process, it allows the severity of the risk of an event occurring to be determined. http://www.databasepublish.com/solutions/project-services/risk-management The identified risks are collected into a Risk Matrix. The Risk Matrix includes the rating of severity, mitigation strategy, owner and contingency plan for each risk. These proposed actions are formulated to address the risks that can be avoided upon implementation of a mitigation strategy. For example Impact Probability High No Trust between team member High Poor Role Clarity High Poor Time Management Medium Faulty Analysis of Market Conditions and Flawed Company Policies Law Ineffective Interaction and Unproductive Team Meetings High H/H Mitigation/Contingency Required H/H Mitigation/Contingency Required H/H Mitigation/Contingency Required H/M Mitigation/Contingency Required H/L Mitigation/Contingency Recommended Midium M/H Mitigation/Contingency Required M/H Mitigation/Contingency Required H/H Mitigation/Contingency Required M/M Mitigation/Contingency Recommended M/L Mitigation/Contingency Optional Low H/H Mitigation/Contingency Required H/H Mitigation/Contingency Required L/H Mitigation/Contingency Recommended L/M Mitigation/Contingency Optional L/L Mitigation/Contingency Optional Probability / Impact Ranking Chart for Risk Matrix of a project The company or organisation then would calculate what levels of Risk they can take with different events. This would be done by weighing up the risk of an event occurring against the cost to implement safety and the benefit gained from it. Contingency Introduction:A project contingency or management reserve is an amount the consultant or the contractor may want to include the unexpected resources that may be overlooked or tasks that may have to be redone because they might not work for the first time. Contingency provision is to cover the elements of unforeseen minor changes in the technical and design specification. Contingency Plan: A defined set of tasks agreed upon by appropriate members of the Project Team that will be undertaken to manage the Project Team in the event the Risk occurs, roughly equivalent to an organizations various Disaster Plans. Tasks should be assignable to a single accountable resource. Given the substantive effect that the Risk is judged to have on the Project, the Contingency Plan may be relatively short with the realization that if it is invoked, it will ultimately give rise to a larger Project Plan detailed elsewhere. Otherwise, the guidelines for granularity etc. of individual tasks are identical to those described for the Mitigation Strategy. All risks with a must have an associated Contingency Plan If the decision has already been made to cancel the project if the Risk occurs, the Contingency Plan should stat

Role of communication and interactions with individuals who have dementia Essay

1. How do individuals with dementia communicate through their behaviour (1.1) Persons with dementia may communicate through behaviours such as: †¢Repetition of actions or questions, this may communicate anxiety over memory loss, boredom from inactivity, to seek reassurance, picking at clothing due to anxiety. †¢Aggression, this may communicate depression, an inability to rationalise, impaired judgment, feeling embarrassed and fearful of humiliation, frustration that they are unable to remember what they are meant to be doing or that others do not understand their need to accomplish tasks that they feel to be important. Can find no other way to express themselves. †¢Pacing or walking, this may communicate a desire to visit a certain place or person. Although the individual may have forgotten who or where. They may be bored and attempting to use up energy, uncomfortable from sitting, confusion about what they are meant to be doing or where they are, to enter in to past routines of behaviour that once served an important purpose that the individual feels they need to accomplish. †¢Becoming suspicious of others, this may communicate that the individual is experiencing memory loss and is having difficulty recognizing familiar faces †¢Pointing and vocalizing to communicate their intentions as the individual loses the use and understanding of their vocabulary 2. How you as a carer can misinterpret communication (1.2) †¢Not being attentive and missing behavioural communications such as picking at items, failing to make eye contact or being out of the persons view, not creating an environment conducive to communication (adequate lighting, low background noise levels etc) †¢Not allowing the individual time to process information before continuing the conversation. †¢Misunderstanding the intention behind a given response as the individual may mean one thing but say another. †¢Individuals in a support team may fail to record information and communicate with one another when they have identified a need for a behaviour and the correct response to that need. i.e., the individual may pace because they are anxious remembering a forgotten routine (the need to catch the bus so they are not late for work). †¢Asking open rather than closed questions requiring a yes or no answer. Making communication difficult. 3. Explain the importance of effective communication with individuals with dementia (1.3) We all communicate to express needs and share information. In order for these needs to be met there must be someone open to receive information and a receptive environment in order for information to be shared effectively. As a person with dementia already has a compromised ability to communicate, communication needs to be effective and understood or the client may not understand what is being done to them, where they are being taking. It is important that for effective communication to take place the care giver: †¢Creates an environment that supports effective communication oAdjust lighting so you can be seen and you can in tern see, adjust lighting, close curtains if excessively sunny etc. Reduce the distraction of background noises Approach communication when there is reduced or no distracting activity in the surrounding environment oTry to make the individual’s environment comfortable in terms of temperature, seating arrangements, attempting to meet baser needs, food, drink, toileting. †¢Presents themself in a way that supports communication: Position yourself in a way that enables eye contact to be made (but not to invade personal space or intimidate) oBe aware of your non-verbal bodily communication, allow the individual to see your body language as they will be more receptive to this than speech, ensure your body language is in keeping with your intentions to avoid mixed messages †¢Speech: oRemain positive and present information in an enjoyable and pleasurable manner but avoid patronising oWhen assisting with tasks attempt to offer direction by decompiling tasks to their fundamental components rather then assuming the individual will recall how to carry out complex activities i.e. putting on shoes. Redirect the topic of conversation or activity if the individual becomes distressed rather then arguing your point oAssume that the individual can understand what you are saying. If they are present while other conversations are taking place, be respectful and show dignity by not discussing them in their presence oAttempt to retain as much of the persons autonomy as is possible by offering choices, i.e. food, clothes, activity. However keep choices simple, in the present and not abstract. Asses the individual’s ability to choose; as the illness progresses, simple choices can become overwhelming and may need to be revised. †¢Assisting with activities: Do not boss the individual; allow them time to attempt tasks at their own pace. If people feel that they are being controlled they may resort to aggression or withdraw. oUse hand over hand techniques as opposed to carrying out tasks for individuals. Praise efforts and avoid highlighting errors. 4. Describe how 3 different forms of dementia can affect the way an individual communicates. (1.4) Vascular Dementia: †¢Caused by a series of small strokes, Vascular dementia can compromise understanding of language, memory and ability to follow instructions. Early symptoms may include slurring of speech (affecting the individuals ability to verbally express), dizziness (affecting concentration), short term memory (affecting the ability to take in new information, adjust to new situations, settings and people). More dominant symptoms affect a person’s control over bladder and bowel movements compromising the ability to communicate these baser needs, ability to process information and abstract thought affecting a person’s independence and autonomy. Dementia Pugilistica: †¢Brought upon by a repetition of concussions, the dementia commonly effects a decline in mental abilities, lack of concentration (affecting a person’s ability to hold a conversation, process information, attention to tasks). Personality disorders including psychomotor retardation (a slowing-down of thought and a reduction of physical movements affecting processing skills, learning new information, recalling learnt information and ability to  complete tasks), exacerbation of aggression, suspiciousness (effecting trust in relationships and inclusiveness), loquacity (becoming talkative). Huntington’s Disease: †¢A neurodegenerative genetic disorder that affects muscle coordination and leads to cognitive decline and psychiatric issues. Some of the symptoms and their effect on communication could be: Motor dysfunction, jerky, random, and uncontrollable movements may affect both the individual’s confidence in their ability to communicate and their ability to express and gesticulate. Slowed saccadic eye movements (quick, simultaneous movements of both eyes in the same direction) may affect the individual’s ability to make or maintain eye contact affecting attention, ability to read both facial and bodily expression. Rigidity, writhing motions or abnormal posturing would affect the individual’s ability to express themselves through body language. Abnormal facial expression, difficulties chewing, swallowing and speaking would affect both use of the spoken language and accurately conveying emotion and intent through facial expression. oSleep disturbances would leave the individual feeling tired, affecting concentration, temperament, attention and emotional state Ability to correctly initiate appropriate actions and to inhibit inappropriate actions could affect the individual’s ability to gesticulate creating, misunderstandings and possible offence. Impairment in the range of short-term memory and deficits to long-term memory may affect the individual’s ability to retain information required to hold conversations in context, identity of others, what’s their relationship, what are their intentions. 5/6. Give 3 examples of how you have positively interacted with clients with Dementia and explain how these positive interactions contribute to their wellbeing. (2.1)(2.2) Although I do have experience of interacting with people who have dementia, this was at a time when I was not a support or care worker. As I used to be a cook in a large care home, I interacted frequently with persons with dementia; I will use those experiences along with the information I have learnt as a result of this unit to answer questions 5 and 6. Example one: †¢As I would go about my work in the kitchen at the nursing home, there was a lady resident who would often stand at the kitchen door and would mutter to herself and occasionally look at me and say short sentences that to me made no sense as I did not know the content. Despite not knowing much about dementia, I felt comfortable in this lady’s company and felt that she was also comfortable with standing and chatting at the door: her stance, demeanour, tone and facial expression supported this. I would always speak to her in a calm, clear pleasant manner; as this was not only polite but reflected how she spoke in my presence. I’d greet her when she came to the kitchen door and ask how she was, I would tell her about what I was doing as a running commentary (cooking, chopping, baking etc). Although she never appeared to directly interact with me I sensed that standing in a kitchen and chatting were both familiar and comforting for her, as she would spend frequent part s of her day doing this. I felt it important to accommodate her presence and interact on her terms (not pushing for answers), using common politeness and manners, offering information as a framework for my conversation. I believe this allowed her to feel comfortable in the social situation while lacking social skills. Example 2: 3: †¢The only part of my job role that required me to assist individuals with daily living tasks was serving, describing and presenting their meals to them. I would assist the support staff in serving meals as dinner was a busy time. One gentleman in particular would often become distressed when his meal was presented to him; the nurse requested that when I write the meal choices on the menu board I present this particular individual with physical representations of the food for him to be better informed and have clearer expectations. Although it was not my place to help the patients make choices, the gentlemen when presented with the food items did take an interest in them and I presented him with his meal accordingly. Although the instances of anxiety still remained around dinner time they did however significantly decrease. I now know that the food items were used as objects of reference and I believe it would have been of greater benefit to all residents if they received a comb ination of a written menu, objects of reference, photographic or pictorial representations of meal choices  according to their individual abilities around choice making. I also believe that with the information gained in this unit, in hindsight the gentlemen in question would have benefited from a smaller range of choice, 2 items as opposed to 4. 7. Why is it important to involve clients with dementia in a range of activities, give three examples of how you have done this. (2.3) As stated in questions 5 and 6, I have no experience in supporting people with dementia. For the purposes of this question I will give three examples of activity that could be considered essential for most people. Humans are occupational and social beings, physically and mentally built to interact with their environments. Therefore activity would not only be a natural pursuit for all people, but, for individuals with dementia who are losing the ability to interact with the world around them, the use of activity would allow them both structure and purpose for interaction: linking familiar experiences of the past to the unfamiliar experience of the present. Example1 †¢Supporting individual with their morning ablutions. This task would have taken place for almost every morning of the individual’s lives, with guided and prompted support the individual may benefit from a sense of pride in appearance that would have been culturally important for members of the older generation. The support worker could reinforce the activity and the individual’s attention to task by complimenting them on their appearance. There may be a range of ways in which the client chooses to cleanse themselves; shower, bathing, or it may be appropriate for individuals of a certain generation to wash at a hand basin. The act of washing may hold some religious significance for the individual (Muslims are required to be clean when handling and reading the Qur’an) allowing them the benefits of their religious convictions. Example 2 †¢Accessing social occasions (tea at a village hall). The individual may  benefit from time spent away from their home in the company of others from a familiar cultural generation. Socialising may combat isolation, loneliness, feelings of despair, suicidal thoughts, offer the individual an opportunity to positively experience their identity. Example 3 †¢Accessing reminiscing sessions. This activity may immerse the individual in an environment filled with remnants of their formative years; familiar objects, smells, clothing etc; creating a sense of identity and safety, stimulating the mind and senses in a bid to prolong their cognitive abilities, believes that are supported by the Orientation Approach. 8. Compare reality Orientation Approaches to Validation Approaches. (2.4) The validation approach attempts to offer extremely disorientated individuals (predominantly the elderly at the end of their lives) an opportunity to express what are believed to be unresolved feelings and offers the care giver an insight in to the underlying meaningful reasons for what may be perceived as odd behaviours. The care giver attempts to empathise with the individual’s behaviours, mannerisms and expressions, presenting themselves in a non-confrontational and non-judgemental way; engendering trust and acceptance. Thus allowing the individual to communicate as they are able, rather than as they should. Unlike the validation approach, which attempts to enter the world of the disorientated individual, the orientation approach attempts to focus the individual’s perceptions in the real world. Using prompts such as calendars, clocks, current magazines or newspapers, menu boards, staff boards to orientate them in to the time and place that they currently occupy. It is thought that continual, repetitive reminders will keep the patient stimulated and lead to an increase in orientation. However, I have found through researching this topic that some care givers and providers have adapted the orientation approach (which advocates the present time) by creating and orientating individuals to the particular reality or time that they may be experiencing. 9. List the physical and mental health needs that may need to be considered when communicating with some one with dementia. (3.1) Physical needs: †¢Effects of stroke ( multiple TIAs bringing about vascular dementia) oParalysis on ether side of the body †¢Problems with vision †¢Speech and language problems †¢Memory loss †¢Muscle spasticity †¢Tremors †¢Incontinence †¢Disruptions in sleep patterns †¢Unable to remain settled, pacing †¢Loss of hearing and or tinnitus †¢Loss or increase of physical sensation, touch, sight, smell. †¢Ability to accurately form facial expressions Mental health needs †¢Depression †¢Sense of agency †¢Loss of hope, experiencing despair †¢Lack in recognition of familiar people or places resulting in possible suspicion †¢Experiencing frustration †¢Heightened sense of anxiety †¢Aggressive behaviour †¢Feeling fearful †¢Short and long term memory loss †¢Becoming withdrawn 10: Describe how a sensory impairment of someone with dementia can affect their communication skills (3.2) Visual impairment: †¢The individual may not be able to accurately gauge a person’s body language or facial expressions, minimising the amount of information they receive. The interpretation of light fall on objects and surroundings may be distorted resulting in confusion and anxiety. †¢Heightened sense of smell (Hyperosmia), this may affect how an individual smells both people and places around them, they may find bodily odours, perfumes, deodorants, and cleaning products offensive, reminiscent and confusing; affecting the individual’s tolerance of these smells and ability to concentrate on tasks such as communication. †¢Loss of proprioception (body’s internal sensory network of muscle and movement), this may affect an individual’s ability to express body language or gesticulate. †¢Taste, an individual may cease to communicate their desire, choice, interest in food if eating has become a displeasurable or confusing experience due to a change in their taste. †¢Change in the sense of touch, a heightened or dampened sense of touch may result in individuals recoiling from another touching them to show reassurance or gain attention as the sensory information received may relay pain, discomfort or not register at all. †¢A change in sensory input of any of the senses may be distressing and confusing for the individual, affecting their concentration, perception and desire to communicate. 11. Describe how an environment can have an affect on a client with dementia (3.3) A change in mental faculties, cognition, memory and mental health in a person with dementia coupled with an array of sensory impairments may affect the individual’s perception of their environment in the following ways: †¢The smell of the environment may distress individuals due to Hyperosmia. †¢A loss of vision may alter the perception of visual stimuli, bright light from a window or light bulb may wash out the visual field, shadows may create the illusion of people or objects, a change in depth perception may alter a person’s ability to gauge depth of furniture. †¢Reactions to the alterations in visual perceptions may be interpreted with fear, confusion, anxiety as objects may appear different to what they are, or the individual is unable to correctly identify or comprehend their purpose †¢The environment can be arranged to effect positive change, the dà ©cor and items can be chosen to  resemble familiar surroundings from a time or era that the individual is remembering. The Orientation Approach fills the environment with informative and stimulating objects (present time frame): large clock, calendar, staff board, meal board, current literature. 12. Describe how your behaviour and that of other carers can have an affect on a client with dementia (3.4) The care giver needs to consider the way they speak: whether it is positive or negative, does it show that you are attentive and caring, if a carer rushes their speech or does not allow the client time to respond, it may convey a lack of respect and that they don’t want to be there. The messages that the carer’s body language communicates must not be at odds with their verbal content; this may create confusion and appear as insincerity. The carer must be focussed on the needs of the client, not becoming distracted by personal discussions with other carers; at all times the chosen language must be that of the clients while in their presence. Interpersonal staff conversations conducted while staff are delivering care show a lack of respect and compassion, the client may not feel that they have a right to talk if they are not involved or may become distressed about the content of conversation and feel a need to become involved. Clients may feel that they can assist with a staff member’s personal problems, offering money or possessions, accepting gratuity is both unethical and would be in contravention of the code of conduct. This may be interpreted by clients as payment for preferential services or as theft: after a client having forgotten there offering discovers their money or possessions gone. Carers need to remain professional and stick to their roles as described in their job descriptions; if the client should request services that are in contravention of their role, the carer should politely decline the request and seek support/advice from their manager if they feel it necessary. 13. Describe how the use of language can hinder positive interactions and communications. (3.5) Clients with dementia will be experiencing a deterioration in their  cognition, attention, memory, producing and understanding language, learning, reasoning, problem solving. It is therefore necessary that the carer not only use their language and communication skills appropriately but they also recognise deficit in the client’s abilities and change their approach accordingly. The client’s deterioration in cognition will result in a struggle to comprehend both spoken and written language; if a client does not understand information they are more likely to withdraw and accept their confusion with feelings of embarrassment and ineptitude rather than seeking clarification. The carer should be attentive to the client’s communication needs; noticing if they are struggling to understand, offering the information in a more appropriate way. The carer should always adapt their vocabulary to that of the clients; considering the use of slang, euphemism, colloquialism, all owing time to process and respond, realising that the clients may have lost the ability to ask questions and seek clarification.